Two short paper about biology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Two short paper about biology - Essay Example If a point mutation changes the fifteenth base from a â€Å"U† to an â€Å"A†, the resulting sequence is as follows: AUG: start codon Met/M , ACU: Thr/T, CAU: His/H, CGC : arginine Arg/R ,UGA: stop codon (opal), AGU: Ser/S, UUA: Phe/F, and, CGA: Arg/R. If ‘C’ is inserted between the fourth and fifth bases, the resulting sequence (AUG ACC UCA UCG CUG UAG UUU ACG A), will be: (Met/M, Thr/T, Ser/S, Ser/S, Leucine (Leu/L), Stop (amber), Phe /F, and Thr/T, respectively. The base â€Å"A† stands alone and has no significance in this case. The insertion of two bases in a row would be more devastating. This is because it will alter the entire sequence by changing the codons, whereas, inserting three bases does not interfere with other codons(Wang, Parrish and Wang). Carriers of a genetic disease usually have one copy of gene mutation and are protected from showing symptoms of the disease, by the presence of a normal gene copy (Feero, Zazove and Stevens). Based on knowledge on possible patterns of inheritance for genetic disorders, it is possible to calculate the worst possible risk of two people conceiving a child with a genetic disorder, based on their belonging to the Finnish population ( 1 % are carriers of myoclonus epilepsy, MIM 607876). If the gene mutation for MIM 607876 is on a sex chromosome; an X-linked recessive condition requires two people to be carriers of the gene mutation, in order to conceive an affected child. If the two people are carriers of the gene mutation, there is a 50 % chance of conceiving a child with the disease (50/100 *1/100=0.005). X-linked dominant conditions only occur where individuals have the disease and they require only one genetic mutation to conceive an affected child (Feero, Zazove and Stevens). If the gene mutation for MIM 607876 is on an autosome, two patterns of inheritance are possible. Autosomal dominance

Conspiracy Theories Surrounding the Apollo 11 Landing

Conspiracy Theories Surrounding the Apollo 11 Landing Phillip Scott Apollo 11 Landing: Fact or Fiction? Did the United States successfully land on the moon on July 20, 1969? Were astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin the first humans to walk on the surface of the moon? There are groups of people who would have us believe NASA faked the Apollo 11 landing and its accompanying moonwalk. They claim NASA staged and recorded this event in a studio or desert location and much of their proof of this is in the photographs and videos NASA provided to the public. There are many reasons why they believe it was a hoax. Some believe it was technically impossible to land on the moon in 1969, so the United States staged the landing to win the race to the moon against the Soviet Union (Braeunig). Others believe it was a hoax designed just to irritate the Soviet Union (Runde). They derive most of their claims from the photographs that NASA made available to the public. These conspiracy claims are simply untrue and have been easily refuted and explained by those familiar with NASA’s space prog rams and the science of space. The late Bill Kaysing, a former document cataloger at Rocketdyne, is the person many would consider the father of the moon landing hoax (Braeunig). He and other advocates of this conspiracy theory based their claims on many things, but they primarily point at perceived anomalies in the Apollo 11 photographs (Braeunig) and the inability to view the landing site on the moons surface using telescopes (Than). Their claims are erroneous, misguided and foolish. There are many experts from NASA and the private sector who have proven beyond a doubt that their claims are false. For example, Mr. Kaysing claimed the shadows in the photographs are not parallel to each other, indicating multiple light sources must have been present when they took the photographs (Plait, Fox Television and the Apollo Moon Hoax). The response to this claim is simple. While the sun is the only natural light source on the moon, its light reflects off the moon’s surface, the lunar module, and even the astronaut’s white space suits, so it appears as multiple light sources were present. However, as Dr. Phil Plait explains â€Å"Each object casts one shadow, so there can only be one light source† (Plait, Fox Television and the Apollo Moon Hoax). This, as well as elevation differences on the moon’s surface, is why the shadows do not always appear parallel to each other (Braeunig). Mr. Kaysing also claimed the American flag looked as if it was flapping or waving in the wind and that would not be possible on the moon. On the Fox television show Conspiracy Theory: Did We Land on the Moon?, Kaysing stated â€Å"This must have been from an errant breeze on the set. A flag wouldnt wave in a vacuum† (qtd. in Plait, Fox Television and the Apollo Moon Hoax). According to Dr. Plait, â€Å"In a vacuum or not, when you whip around the vertical pole, the flag will ‘wave’, since it is attached at the top. The top will move first, then the cloth will follow along in a wave that moves down. This isnt air that is moving the flag, its the cloth itself† (Plait, Fox Television and the Apollo Moon Hoax). Another of the conspiracy claims is that stars should be visible in the dark sky of the images. However, the bright conditions on the moon’s surface and the subjects that the astronauts photographed required them to use fast exposure settings on their cameras (Than). This limited incoming light and prevented the recording of the stars on film. These hoax theorist should remember that the astronauts were photographing their activities on the surface of the moon, not trying to capture pictures of the stars from the surface of the moon (Braeunig). As for the claim that the landing site and the hardware purportedly left at the site should be visible using Earth-based telescopes, it is simply not possible. â€Å"No telescope on Earth or in space has that kind of resolving power† (Than). As Dr. Plait further explains, â€Å"Even with the biggest telescope on Earth, the smallest thing you can see on the surface of moon is something bigger than a house† (qtd. in Than). There are many technical reasons why this is so, but as Dr. Plait explains, â€Å"the ability for a telescope to resolve an object is, as you’d expect, directly related to the size of the mirror or lens† (Plait, Moon Hoax: Why Not Use Telescopes to Look at the Landers? Bad Astronomy). This makes it impossible to resolve something as small as the landing site or the equipment left there using Earth-based telescopes. Even with the Hubble Space Telescope, with its 94 inch aperture, â€Å"the smallest object that can be resolved by HST is abo ut 300 feet† (Braeunig). However, in 2009, NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, orbiting at an altitude of 15 miles above the moon’s surface, captured some outstanding images of all the Apollo landing sites. The images of the Apollo 11 landing site show the equipment they left there and even the tracks the astronauts left as they walked from the lunar module to the location of the various equipment items and even to a nearby crater (SPACE.com Staff). Still, the conspiracy theorist refute all the proof offered and continue to believe this was all a hoax. These conspiracy theorist have many other claims that the Apollo 11 landing was a conspiracy and various experts have refuted and explained every one of them. However, these conspiracy theorist continue to believe the United States created this hoax to fool the world. The only proof that might change their beliefs would be for one of their â€Å"trusted agents† to travel to the moon to witness the site wher e Apollo 11 landed. There are many reasons for their conspiracy beliefs, but the questions they should ask themselves is: Why would the United States spend billions of dollars on a hoax then leave such sloppy evidence in the very images they provided to the public as proof it happened? If this were a hoax, how could so many people involved in such a conspiracy remain silent for so many years (Cain)? The facts are not debatable. There is no reason to doubt that on July 20 1969, the United States successfully landed Apollo 11 on the moon and that Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin exited their lunar module and walked on the surface of the moon. Works Cited Braeunig, Robert A. The Moon Hoax Debate. The Moon Hoax Debate. n.d. Web. 11 February 2015. Cain, Fraser. How Do We Know the Moon Landing Isnt Fake?. 14 April 2014. Web. 11 February 2015. Plait, Phil. Fox Television and the Apollo Moon Hoax. 13 February 2001. Web. 17 February 2015. —. Moon Hoax: Why Not Use Telescopes to Look at the Landers? Bad Astronomy. 12 August 2008. Web. 12 February 2015. Runde, Michael. 11 Proofs That The Apollo Moon Landings Were NOT Fake.. Ed. N.P. 18 July 2014. Web. 11 February 2015. SPACE.com Staff. Apollo 11 Moon Landing Site Seen in Unprecedented Detail | Moon Photos | Space.com.. 13 March 2013. Web. 11 February 2015. Than, Ker. Photos: 8 Moon-Landing Hoax MythsBusted. National Geographic Society. 16 July 2009. Webpage. 11 February 2015.

The Physics of Basketball Essay examples -- Science Sports Athletics E

The Physics of Basketball There are many aspects to the game of basketball and physics can be applied to all of them. Although to be good at basketball it is not necessary to play it from a physics point of view. Basketball players become good by developing muscle memory for the actions that must be performed in the game of basketball from years of practice. Nevertheless knowing some of the physics in the game of basketball can help a good player be a better player. In this paper I will cover the three most important aspects of the game, shooting, dribbling and passing. The most important part of the game of basketball is shooting the basketball, after all the object of the game is to put the basketball through the basket. A shot is taken by a player pushing on the ball and launching it toward the basket and upon the ball hitting the rim or backboard physics refers to this action as a contact force. Using this concept of contact force a shot can be calculated exactly. From a player’s height, the mass of the ball and a given position on the court which would include the distance from the basket it is possible to calculate the exact angle and force the shooter must apply to make a basket every time he or she shoots the ball. Of course if it were this easy basketball would not be as fun to watch or play. The problem with hitting a shot every time with the calculated angle and force is that the ball would have to travel toward the basket with the exact angle and force calculated for that particular shot. What makes this difficult is that the musc les in our body would have to be controlled flawlessly to push the ball with the exact amount of force and to give the ball the exact angle that is needed every time a shot is taken... ...the more energy is lost and the less the ball bounces back. The less denting that occurs, the more energy is kept and the higher the ball bounces back. Physics can be used to explain a lot of things. In this paper I described some basic concepts in physics that are relevant to basketball, particularly the three main parts of basketball, shooting, dribbling and passing. So the next time you are out shooting some hoops just think of all the physics that are being applied and you could be one step away from being a physicist, and have fun. Works Cited Kirkpatric, Larry; Wheeler, Gerald, Physics A World View, fourth edition Schmidt, Michael; Oberlies, James; Moogan, Kevien, The Physics of Basketball, 2002 http://www.sjprep.org/bio/basketball7/ Willis, Bill; The Physics of Basketball, 2001, http://www.geocities.com/thesciencefiles/physicsof/basketball.html/

Impacts of Rupee Appreciation/Depreciation on Import

INTRODUCTION CURRENCY APPRECIATION:- An increase in the value of one currency in terms of another. Currencies appreciate against each other for various reasons, including capital inflows and the state of a country's current account. Typically, a Forex trader trades a currency pair in the hopes of currency appreciation of the base currency against the counter currency. CURRENCY DEPRICIATION:- A decrease in the  value  of a  currency  with respect to other currencies. This means that the depreciated currency is worth fewer units of some other currency.While depreciation means a reduction in value, it can be advantageous as it makes  exports  in the depreciated currency less  expensive. For example, suppose one unit of Currency A is worth one unit of Currency B. If Currency A depreciates such that it becomes worth half of one unite of Currency B, then exports denominated in Currency A are only half as expensive when trading in a Currency B market. SIGNIFICANCE:- * When a c ountry's exports are high, the buyers of these exports need its currency to pay for those exports. When the country's central bank increases interest rates, people will want that currency to deposit in the banks to earn that higher interest rate. * When employment and per capita income in a country increase, the demand for its goods and services increases, along with demand for that country's currency in the local market. * Demand for any country’s currency on the foreign exchange market is determined by demand for that country’s exports of goods and services and by changes in foreign investment in that country.This is because when foreigners buy another country’s exports of goods or services they must pay for these in the currency of the exporting country. * In the same way, Supply of any country’s currency on the foreign exchange market is determined by that country’s imports of goods and services and by its investment in other countries. * Thus when the demand for a currency rises its price goes up and it becomes costlier. *   An increase in exports of a country will lead to an increase in demand for the currency and thus the value rises. *   Rapid domestic growth increases the demand for mports, while slow or no growth with foreign economies can cause a decline in demand for the country's exports. * If prices in both countries remain the same, depreciation will make foreign goods relatively more expensive to you, leading to a fall in imports. It also means that, even if prices remain the same, your goods will be cheaper to foreigners. They will buy more of your goods and exports will rise. As a result, your country's  net exports will increase. * The devaluation of the dollar will have a positive impact on the importers, while it will have adverse effect on the exporters.Importers of goods and services will be getting the goods and services by paying less THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK:- Currency depreciation is not at all g ood for economy of a country. Government always keeps an eye on currency fluctuation. More depreciation can cause major loss to a country. All this is related to export and import of a country. If a currency depreciates, it is the exporters who make good profit, where as importers are on the losing side. Depreciation discourages purchases of imported goods stimulating demand for domestically manufactured goods.The governments worldwide monitor appreciation and depreciation by using powerful tools like the base interest rates, which are usually set by the country’s central bank. Many a times this tool is often used to intentionally depreciate the currency rates to encourage exports. However, this can cause major damage to imports. Always a balance has to be maintained between export and import. Within a span of 5 year, the value of INR has significantly increased from around 40 to 54. 24 with respect to dollar. Indian economy is among the fastest growing economies of the world .The appreciation of the rupees against the dollar would be another giant sign towards its economic prosperity and augmentation. However, the economic epidemics like poverty, unemployment etc. , could not be dealt in the short-run. In the past one year, the dollar has dropped by around 15 per cent against Indian rupees. This reveals that positive or negative impact on volume of export or import would be around 15 per cent, which cannot be over looked as the exporters are suffering losses, whereas importer are on gain. However, the impact will remain until there is depreciation of dollar against rupees.If it continues, then a great change can be expected on a long run in international trade arena. Another impact would be the fantasy of dollar has been losing ground day by day. From analyses made it clear that earlier people were, fascinate about dollar due to its value against Indian rupees. However, the scenario has completely changed. Those, who were planning to move to US for job, now might plan to settle in Britain, as British economy is one of the strongest economies in the world REASONS BEHIND INR DEPRECIATION (SINCE AUGUST 2011)Since the transition from fixed exchange rate regime to market determined exchange rate regime in March, 1993, the INR value with respect to the United States Dollar [USD] had decreased manifold (Dua & Ranjan, 2010). The primary reasons that catalyzed the INR fall could be the increased trade between other countries. Post liberalization, the country witnessed an ever-increasing flux in the foreign inflows particularly due to the enticing growth potential of the country. However, this effect could not overpower the gap between import and exports [called the Trade Deficit].The offsetting effect of foreign inflows strengthened till mid-2008 (the rupee was once comfortably trading at 39. 15 INR/USD) when the banking crisis unfolded in the US leading to recession. Though commentators say that emerging economies like India and China wer e the least hit by the recession (in terms of output) (Ghosh & Chandrasekhar, 2009), the crisis took its toll on the INR. With the flight of foreign funds to safer haven currencies and better investment opportunities, the INR had no other choice but to fall. However, the recent round of depreciation of the INR is peculiar in some aspects.Though there was another crisis that hit the world markets, i. e. the Euro zone crisis, there was considerable lag in the effect, with the Euro zone crisis started looming as early as late-2010, the INR’s depreciation is felt only in August 2011. Major reasons behind this depreciation can be listed [in decreasing order of importance] as follows: * Outflow of funds (and/or) Impeded inflow. *   Ã‚  Ã‚  Increasing Current Account Deficit [CAD] *   Ã‚  Recovery of USD and Japanese Yen [JPY] – the long-term safe haven currencies. *   Ã‚  Ã‚  Lack of intervention from RBI FALLING RUPEE AGAINST DOLLAR 011 was the year of great stress fo r Indian Rupee. It has lost greater than 10 % of its value in the year 2011, making it one of the worst performing currencies in Asia. Logic says rupee appreciation shows the Indian economy is strengthening against US economy and depreciation makes the economy weaker. Overseas funds sold more than US$500 million worth of Indian-listed shares over the last 5 years, reducing net income for 2011 to less than US$300 million – a tiny sum compared with record investments of greater than US$29 billion earned last year, on November 21, 2011 alone.According to Federal Bank report, the premium banks pay to borrow dollars overnight from central banks will fall by half a percentage point to 50 basis points. The move was coordinated with the monetary authorities in Canada, the U. K, Japan and Switzerland and the Central Bank of Europe. ROLE OF GOVERNMENT OF INDIA AND RESERVE BANK OF INDIA The exchange rate is a significant tool used to examine the efficiency of economy. The exchange rate of the Indian rupee is dependent upon the market conditions, where the demand and supply play a major role.In order to adopt the effective exchange rates the RBI makes buy and sell transactions to keep the low variability and volatility in exchange rates. RBI also removes the excess liquidity from the economy by increasing the CRR and SLR. The Government of India also managed floating exchange rate mechanism. This means that the Indian government interferes only when the circumstances demand and/or if the exchange rate gets out of control by increasing or reducing the money supply. Hedging: Using forwards and futures contracts help in mitigating the risks arise due to exchange rate fluctuations.This process is known as Hedging, but none-the-less the impact is substantial. Reduce Trade Deficit: The main factors for the depreciation of rupee are slowdown in capital flows, high trade and current account deficit and high crude oil prices. To stop fluctuations in rupee it is necessary to reduce these deficits. RBI Control Policy: When rupee depreciates, it results in a price hike in the petroleum products and fertilizers. This increases the inflation. This becomes a challenging period for RBI. If they increase the key rates, it will affect our growth rate and there will be stock market crash.If it is not, inflation will kill the normal public. As per analysts, say the rupee depreciation is considered as a short-term scenario. The Indian market will be a good destination for FIIs in years to come. Huge investment is expected in the coming years. Gradually the rupee will gain its value. Investors need not worry about the rupee depreciation. Since March 2010, Reserve Bank of India [RBI] hiked the interest rates 13 times and thus compromising on growth. RBI’s interest rates hikes seemed futile since the inflation was due to supply falling short rather than the demand rising.Both inflation and RBI’s action reduced the color of the vibrant economy once Indi a displayed in 2007-2008. According to intelligence reports by the Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India, sectors of India Exports are as follows- Sector of Import| Share in Total Imports| Petroleum| 77| Heavy Engineering Goods| 22| Pharmaceuticals| 19| The sectors of Import gain if the rupee appreciates. They would have to pay less for the imported raw materials, which would increase their profit margins. Likewise, depreciation in rupee value makes exports cheaper and imports expensive.Exports from India are of handicrafts, gems, jewelry, textiles, ready-made garments, industrial machinery, leather products, chemicals and related products. Since the 1990s, India is the world’s largest processor of diamonds. The mentioned export items contribute substantially to foreign receipts. During the periods when the dollar was moving high against the rupee, exporters stood to gain, when $1 = Rs. 48, was getting them Rs. 4800 for every $100. Since the beginning of the y ear 2007, rupee appreciated by about 10%.With its value of rupee Rs. 39. 35 = $1 as on 16 Nov 2007, for every $100, exporters would get only Rs. 3935. This difference is towing away the profit margins of exporters and BPO service providers alike. Imports to India are of petroleum products, capital goods, chemicals, dyes, plastics, pharmaceuticals, iron and steel, uncut precious stones, fertilizers, pulp paper etc. With the same scenario as given for export, if we analyze – an importer is paying Rs. 3935 now instead of Rs. 4800 paid during yester years for every $100.This gain on FX is likely to create savings in cost, which could be passed on to consumers, thereby contributing to control inflation Exhibit showing the quarterly values of Foreign Investment Flows in India Source:  Public Debt Management Quarterly Report (July-September 2011), Ministry of Finance, November 2011 CONCLUSION:- Conclusively, appreciation and depreciation of rupee cannot certainly be taken as benef icial to the Indian economy in general. On one hand, the rupee appreciation will affect exporters, BPOs, etc. , on the other, rupee depreciation will affect importers.So now, it depends on what the future has to reveal for, how effectively the central bank can balance the FX rates with little impact to the relative areas of FX usage. Though RBI is trying its level best in controlling inflation, due to the inherent supply-driven nature of the inflation, monetary controls remain as futile attempts. Systemic inefficiencies, like improper supply chains, must be immediately addressed by the Government to stall inflation. RBI has already done the damage by ruthlessly increasing the base rates and thus compromising the growth and discouraging investments.In order to control currency depreciation, any central bank is expected to hike the interest rates. Since the prevailing interest rates have already reached a high, RBI is helpless in managing the exchange rates through interest rate hike. Another option left with RBI is to use its foreign exchange reserves to sell dollars in the currency market to improve the value of INR. Though RBI’s argument of non-intervention is justified (Gokarn, 2011), it must strike the right balance between intervention and controlled-intervention.Generally, foreign exchange reserves deplete because of daily operations of central banks in the wake of domestic currency depreciation. Considering all the above factors, is the way ahead gloomy for the Indian rupee? Well, nothing can be told so surely in this uncertain environment. The market sentiments truly drove the INR to the edge. The INR may correct itself and settle in a lower value than that is prevailing currently as the market sentiments fade out. On the other hand, tight monetary control by the RBI, which led to high interest rates, widened the interest rate differential thus inviting inflows.Overselling of rupee than that is necessary might have caused the slide in the value o f INR. If the rupee starts rebounding, it would definitely start yielding high results due to the low base effect. Therefore, if the rupee is actually oversold, investors who are confident about the resilient Indian economy might put their money on the rupee since no other asset would give such high returns in this current scenario. However, there are conditions attached to the argument – rupee must bounce back and foreign inflows must find their way back into the Indian economy.

Deconstructing Harry: Harry Truman and the Cold War Essay

Exploring the Impact of Cold War Politics on Executive Order 9981 When President Truman and his adminstartion desegregated the military by Executive Order 9981 in 1948, he was seizing the unique opportunity presented by the changing nature of race and its influence on politics at the close of WWII to elevate the nation above the crippling racism that had permeated its history since Liconln’s failed reconstruction. The authors of Foxholes and Color Lines: also noted that â€Å"a new, more liberal perspective on racial issues gained enough strength within the white general public to become an important element in national culture and political debate during the war years.† The changing attitudes about race in Armed Services after their exposure to European culture after WWII, the changing role of race in foreign policy and the increasingly powerful influence of race on international affairs during the Truman Adminstation compelled Truman to follow the advice of his The re port entitled, â€Å"To Secure These Rights† was issued on 29 October 1947 and detailed the deplorable status of race relations in America at the time. It admitted the failure of ‘separate but equal† tolerated Northern states stood out in prominence and federal intervention was judged the only solution. They recommended federal measures to protect the civil rights of African-Americans in the Post WWII society. Federal intervention in the form of would protect African-Americans from continued disenfranchisement in the Jim Crow south and curtail the renewed lynching activities of the KKK. Truman is also credited with also credited with in iating the legacy of Plessy V Fergusson in public education and federal employment. President Truman’s legislative actions in desegregating the military and federal service set the precedent of active federal protection of civil rights and replacing the memory of the failed Reconstruction Era and is credited with intervention action on the reports legislation n active and mandatory federal When President Truman federally mandated the integration of the Armed Services in 1948 he man y characterized it as the ‘Second Reconstruction’ for this country, but with a reluctant Congress and his blunt, Midwestern persona, the ‘Accidental President’ merely delayed the inevitable zenith of racial tension that erupted in the 1960s. This paper will explore the origins of President Truman’s strong policies on civil rights from the initial report of the Gillem Board in 1945, to his revulsion of the racial violence aimed at returning WWII African-American Service members and the eventual decision to desegregate the Armed Services in 1948. President Truman’s legislative actions ignited a firestorm of social and political backlash led by Southern Democrats. And although he did win his reelection, the stagnate nature of civil rights legislation after Truman left office attests to the fact the he had set a benchmark of laissez-faire commitment concerning civil rights that gave his predecessors political motivation to continue the legacy of Plessy v Ferguson ruling; a ruling in which Congress had made state sponsored racism the law de jour of the land. The moral roots of the man who would come to represent the quintessential ‘Midwestern Democrat’ were planted in Jackson County Missouri. Born o n May 8, 1884 in Lamar, Missouri, he enjoyed the ‘happiest childhood imaginable’ with brother, John Vivian, simply called Vivian, and sister, Mary Jane. The first of three children resulting from the union of John and Martha Ellen Truman, the President was quoted as saying about his father, â€Å"†¦his code was honesty and integrity. His word was good†¦he raised me and my brother to put honor above profit.† And of his mother he says, she â€Å"taught us the moral code†, a lesson that the bespectacled, serious student took to heart. Truman was often â€Å"praised for his ‘excellent character’ during his early school life. In 1917, at the age of thirty-three, Truman was commissioned into the Missouri National Guard’s 129th Field Artillery Regiment, Battery D. There he established a reputation as an exemplary leader with integrity and strong moral character. These traits established the basis of his political and personal supporters throughout his lifetime. President Truman’s liberal views on labor relations in Missouri led to him being ticketed as the ‘Tom and Joe endorsed candi date’ in 1922 Jackson County Court elections. This blatant message, a sign from the KKK, was an attempt to brand the candidate and warn off potential voters. Michael Gardener made especial mention of Truman’s political tussle with the KKK in his book, Harry S. Truman and Civil Rights: Moral Courage and Political Risks, â€Å"The Klan’s opposition to Truman’s candidacy for the county judgeship was later confirmed by the Independence Examiner of November 6, 1922, which reported that ‘men stood Sunday morning at the doors of several protestant Churches in Independence as the people were leaving after the service and passed out pink â€Å"Sample Ballots.†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ It was the Ku Klux Klan ballot.† Klansmen from as far away as Kansas City used scare tactics and violence to intimidate black voters; and although Truman narrowly defeated his opponent against horrible opposition and violent Klan activity, these acts forever soured Truman’s appetite for organized racism in the political process and the violence that hate groups such as the Ku Klux Klan represented. Leaving Independence in 1934 as a candidate for the Senate, Truman announced, â€Å"If the Almighty God decides that I go there I am going to pray as King Solomon did, for wisdom to do the job.† The country was already wedged tight between the rock of the Depression and the looming hard place of War World II, when Senator Truman arrived in Washington, but things were starting to look up for civil rights legislation. President Roosevelt had issued The Selective Training and Service Act of 1940, a major new development in race relations in regards to military service for African-Americans. This new act specifically banned â€Å"discrimination against any person on account of race or color.† Truman also witnessed Executive Order 8802, The Fair Employment Act, legislative action aimed at obtaining civil rights for minorities and women in a federal workplace. The Fair Employment Act banned racial discrimination in hiring for any industry that received a government contract r elated to defense. This allowed African-Americans and women were hired at the start of the war as the result. But while all these acts called for legislative nulling of Plessy V Ferguson, the consensus of white America was still firmly attached to the idea of ‘separate but equal’. In 1944 Truman was ‘flabbergasted’ at the idea of being nominated for Vice-President and initially denied the nomination, preferring to stay in the Senate. In Truman’s words, obtained from an oral history recorded by Hillman, Roosevelt’s response was, â€Å"Well if he wants to let the Democratic Party and the country down in the midst of a war that is his responsibility.† Unbeknownst to anyone, Truman would be in the unhappy position of Vice-President for less than 90 days with the sudden death of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt from a stroke on April 12, 1946. The ‘accidental’ President Truman told reporters, â€Å"I felt like the moon, the stars, and all the p lanets had fallen on me.† As President Truman abruptly ended the war, America was enjoying the ‘boom’ portion of the boom-bust cycle of the American economy. But wartime gains lead to peacetime reversals of fortunes and the threat of rising inflation, labor shortages, and an Anti-New Deal Congress made President Truman’s job of balancing the economic concerns of rural America and industrial America extremely difficult. The War Mobilization and Reconversion Act of 1944 was passed with provisions for keeping the country on stable economic footing, but Truman was not satisfied, â€Å"I feel it my duty to draw attention to the fact that the bill does not adequately deal with the human side of reconversion.† And it hadn’t, as many returning African-American soldiers that had joined through the Selective Service where now considered obsolete in their military service. The Ku Klux Klan also experienced a revival of support in Jim Crow South as enlightened Black soldiers returned from life in Europe unencumbered by the crippling racism of the United States. In faraway places like Germany and France, they were considered equals fighting for the cause of right and they were unwilling to give those liberties back after their service was finished. But the Klan would have none of that and racial violence increased in an effort to terrorize Southern blacks back into pre-War submission. The slayings of US soldiers on the heels of the allied victory over communism disturbed Truman greatly and despite his personal feelings toward race, he would always favor equality for all men. It must be made clear that although Truman wanted, â€Å"fairness, equality before the law† for all citizens, social equality for African-Americans was not addressed at this time. He viewed the victory in WWII as a victory of freedom over oppression yet we still had oppressed people in our own backyard. The hypocrisy wasn’t missed by Truman, his administration or the American public. But even with that said, without the support of Congress he had no choice but to force sensitive legislation on a war weary nation. Truman first tried to address civil rights by balancing the needs of the military with the rights of African American soldiers. His strategy was to use a series of committees convened to specifically locate problems of racial inequality within the military itself. Truman’s goal was to initiate positive steps toward equality within the captive audience of a significant portion of the population i.e. the Armed Services. The Gillem Board, created in 1946 and headed by then Secretary of War, Robert P. Patterson was charged with finding’ â€Å"a definite and workable policy for the utilization of Negro troops in the postwar military e stablishment.† The Armed Services had been woefully unprepared for the sheer volume of black soldiers that enlisted in WWII and keeping units racially segregated during peacetime was an inefficient undertaking. The recommendations from the Gillem Board were delivered on 16 Jan 1946, with the â€Å"†¦ultimate objective the effective use of all manpower made available to the military establishment†¦without regard to antecedent or race.† With the executive order and the establishing of the Fahy Committee, which had oversight of military desegregation, the process of integration began and then all hell broke loose. In February of the same year, Isaac Woodard had his sight taken by a South Carolina Sherriff in one of the most unspeakable acts of racial violence ever witnessed. Isaac Woodard was traveling home after his discharge from the Army on 12 February 1946 when he was taken off a Greyhound bus in Batesburg South Carolina and beaten by police after being accused of talking back to the bus driver. Woodard was told, â€Å"Boy, go on back and sit down and keep quiet and don’t be talking out so loud.† His reply â€Å"God damn it, talk to me like I’m talking to you. I’m a man just like you,† The sheriff charged with the crime was eventually acquitted by an all-white jury but President Truman and African-American soldiers had enough. Michael Gardner notes that, â€Å"Polls indicated that 85 percent of Americans saw need for Federal action†¦Congressional approval for new laws was impossible because of Southern Congressional influence. President Truman was given no choice but to act by executive order if he had any hopes of reversing this trend to toward apathetic acceptance of racial violence in the Deep South. On July 30, 1946, the Justice Department was instructed to â€Å"proceed with all its resources to investigate crimes of oppression so as to ascertain if any Federal statute can be applied.† And President Truman preceded full bore to desegregate the military by forming President’s Committee on Civil Rights. â€Å"The legislative job of the President is especially important to the people who have no special representatives to plead their cause before Congress and that includes the great majority†¦The other twenty million are able to employ people to represent them and that’s all right, its the exercise of the right of petition but someone has to look after the interests of the one hundred and fifty million that are left.† The report ultimately decides â€Å"to end immediately all discrimination and segregation based on race, color, creed or national origin in†¦all branches of the Armed Services.† And by 1948 President Truman ordered the immediate desegregation of the armed Service. The political backlash was immediate and harsh. The Army would ultimately try and circumvent the ruling Secretary of the Army Kenneth Royall is noted as sa ying â€Å"segregation in the Army must go,† but not immediately. Southern Democrats or Dixiecrats, at the National convention were so offended by the idea that many walked out of the convention in support of Strom Thurmond. President Truman’s decision to integrate the services was not fully realized until well after his executive order. In fact two years after his decision, the Fahy committee was still arguing the merits of an integrated service and America’s political leaders were taking carful note of voters and polls in the wake of Executive Order 9981. Despite the political suicide these orders represented President Truman proceeded with his cause of equality. His legacy in the civil rights movement gave the NAACP and others the legal foothold o challenge the powers that be in the 1960s and he has subsequently been heralded as on the greatest Presidents in American history. Praise for his courage and tenacity in pursuit of equal rights has been a longtime coming. Truman could never have imagined he would lead the nation out of WWII with the bombing of Hiroshima and into a new day of civil rights activism with the desegregation of the Armed Services before leaving office in 1952. President Truman had faced the centrifugal and centripetal forces surrounding his introduction of Civil Rights legislation with steely-eyed determination and caustic wit. His trademarked, â€Å"If you can’t stand the heat, get out of the kitchen.† sums up his attitude toward dissenters quite nicely. And although he did achieve the goal many African-Americans wanted at the end of WWII, much of Truman’s legislation is responsible for delaying the violence that he surely anticipated to erupt in the US. In of civil rights offences that culmination violence until the Freedom Summer of 1964 may have been able to stave of the later race riots of the 1960s d he stands as a model for a true man of the people president. But when it comes to changing a nation’s heart and consciences it is sometimes more than a mere mortal can do, even if he is the President, Hillman says, â€Å"He had achieved less in civil rights than he had hoped, but he had created the epoch-making Commission on Civil Rights, ordered the desegregation of the armed services and federal Civil Service, and done more than any President since Lincoln to awaken American conscience to the issues of Civil Rights. Bibliography Belknap, Michal R., ed. Civil Rights, the White House, and the Justice Department, 1945 – 1968. Vol. 3, Integration of the Armed Forces. New York: Garland Publishing, 1991. Berman, William C. The Politics of Civil Rights in the Truman Administration. N.p.: Ohio State University Press, 1970. Bernstein, Barton J., ed. Politics and Policies of the Truman Administration. Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1970. Bernstein, Barton J., and Allen J. Matusow, Eds. The Truman Administration: A Documentary History. New York: Harper & Row, 1966. Cochran, Bert. Harry S Truman and the Crisis Presidency. New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1973. Dalfiume, Richard M. Desegregation of the U.S. Armed Forces: Fighting on Two Fronts, 1939- 1953. Columbia, University of Missouri Press, 1969. Donovan, Robert J. Conflict and Crisis: The Presidency of Harry S Truman, 1945 – 1948. New York: W. W. Norton, 1977. ———.Tumultuous Years: The Presidency of Harry S Truman, 1949 – 1953. New York: W. W. Norton, 1982. Ferrell, Robert H. Truman: A Centenary Remembrance. London: Thames and Hudson, 1984. ———., ed. Dear Bess: The Letters from Harry to Bess Truman, 1910 – 1959. New York: W. W. Norton, 1983. ———., ed. Off the Record: The Private Papers of Harry S. Truman. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1997. Frederickson, Kari. The Dixiecrat Revolt and the End of the Solid South, 1932 – 1968. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001. Gardner, Michael R. Harry Truman and Civil Rights: Moral Courage and Political Risks. Carbondale, Ill.: Southern Illinois University Press, 2002. Gerhardt, James M. The Draft and Public Policy: Issues in Military Manpower Procurement, 1945 – 1970. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1971. Giangreco, D. M., and Kathryn Moore, Eds. Dear Harry: The Truman Administration Through Correspondence with â€Å"Everyday Americans.† Mechanicsburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books, 1991 Gullan, Harold I. The Upset That Wasn’t: Harry S Truman and the Crucial Election of 1948. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1998. Hamby, Alonzo L.ed. Harry S Truman and the Fair Deal. Lexington, Mass.: D. C. Heath and Co., 1974. Hechler, Ken. Working with Truman: A Personal Memoir of the White House Years. New York: P. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1982. Horton, David, ed. Freedom and Equality: Addresses by Harry Truman. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1960. Lacey, Michael J., Ed. The Truman Presidency. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989. Lawson, Steven F. Running for Freedom: Civil Rights and Black Politics in America Since 1941. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991. ———., ed. To Secure These Rights: The Report of President Harry S. Truman’s Committee on Civil Rights. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2004. MacGregor, Morris J., Jr. Integration of the Armed Forces, 1940 – 1965. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History, 1981. McCullough, David. Truman. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992. Mershon, Sherie, and Steven Schlossman. Foxholes & Color Lines: Desegregating the U.S. Armed Forces. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998. Miller, Earle. Plain Speaking: An Oral Biography of Harry S. Truman. New York: Berkley Publishing, 1973. Mitchell, Franklin D. Harry S. Truman and the News Media: Contentious Relations, Belated Respect. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1998. National Archives and Records Service, ed. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Harry S. Truman. 8 vols. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1961-68. Phillips, Cabell. The Truman Presidency: The History of a Triumphant Succession. New York: Macmillan Co., 1966.

Universal Health Care

Universal Health Care Universal Health Care PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 7Universal Health CareTraci LedfordHHS 235University of Phoenix, Axia CollegeKevin HayesJuly 26, 2008Universal Health CareIntroduced to the House of Representative on February 8, 2005, House Resolution 676 (H.R. 676) is a bill proposed to provide coverage for all the residents of the United States. The full text of this bill is available from the Library of Congress. (H.R. 676). The title of this Act is the "United States National Health Insurance Act" (USNHI), or the "Expanded and Improved Medicare for All Act" (. (H.R.676).The outline of this bill is in five titles with subsections. The titles are Title I: Eligibility and Benefits, Title II: Finances, with subtitles A: Budgeting and Payments and B: Funding, Title III: Administration, Title IV: Additional Provisions and Title V: Effective Date. Each of these ttiles is broken down into secitons.English: health care provider in Sierakà ³wThe most informative sections fall under Title I: Eligi bility and Benefits.All residents of the United States are eligible for coverage under this proposed health care plan. In order to receive the benefits of the health care program, families and individuals should register by filling out an application with a health care provider. All residents are eligible for health care coverage, but everyone must fill out an application to receive a benefits card with a personalized health care number on it. (H.R. 676).The benefits covered in this proposed bill are primary care, preventive care, inpatient and outpatient care, emergency care, prescriptions and mecical equipment, long-term care including mental health care and substance abuse treatment, chiropractic services and dental and vision services, excluding cosmetic services. (H.R. 676). These benefits should be availbable through any licensed health care provider with no deductibles, co-payments, or other cost sharing plans. (H.R. 676).

Clues in the Pre-1850 US Censuses - How to Dig Details from the Early Census Records

Clues in the Pre-1850 US Censuses - How to Dig Details from the Early Census Records Most genealogists researching American ancestors love the detailed censuses taken between 1850 and 1940. Yet our eyes glaze over and our head starts hurting when we take on the columns and head counts of the pre-1850 census enumerations. Many researchers go so far as to avoid them altogether, or use them only as a source for the head of household. When used together, however, these early U.S. census records can often provide important clues to early American families. The earliest U.S. census schedules, 1790-1840, furnish only the names of the free heads of family, not of other family members. These schedules totaled the number of other family members, without name, by free or slave status. Free, white individuals were also grouped by age and sex categories from 1790 through 1810 - a categorization that eventually applied to other persons. The age categories also increased each year, from two age groups for free white males only in 1790, to twelve age groups for free whites and six age groups for slaves and free colored persons in 1840. What Can pre-1850 Census Records Tell US? Since the pre-1850 census records dont identify names (other than head of household) or family relationships, you may be wondering what they can tell you about your ancestors. Pre-1850 census records can be used to: track your ancestors movements prior to 1850distinguish between individuals with the same nameidentify possible children that you may not be aware ofidentify possible parents for your ancestoridentify possible relatives among neighbors By themselves, these early census records dont often provide much useful information, but used together they can generally provide a good picture of a familys structure. The key here is to identify your family in as many of the 1790-1840 censuses as possible, and analyze the information found in each one in conjunction with the others. Sorting Out Whos Who When I research in the pre-1850 census records, I begin by creating a list identifying each individual, their age, and the range of birth years supported by their given age. Looking at the family of Louisa May Alcott* in the 1840 census of Concord, Massachusetts, for example: A.B. Alcott (Amos Bronson Alcott), age 40-49 (b. 1790-1800) 1799Female (wife Abigail?), age 40-49 (b. 1790-1800) 1800Girl (Anna Bronson?), age 10-14 (b. 1825-1831) 1831Girl (Louisa May?), age 5-9 (b. 1831-1836) 1832Girl (Elizabeth Sewell?), age 5-9 (b. 1831-1836) 1835 *the youngest daughter, May, was born in July 1840...after the date of the 1840 census Tip! Men of the same name referred to as Sr or Jr werent necessarily Father and Son. These designations were often used to distinguish between two different people of the same name in the area - Sr for the elder, and Jr for the younger. This method can actually be used to sort out possible parents for your ancestors as well. In researching my Owens ancestors in Edgecombe County, N.C., Ive created a large chart of all of the Owens men listed in the pre-1850 census records, along with the members of their households and the age brackets. While I still havent been able to confirm exactly who goes where, this method did help me narrow down the possibilities. Narrowing Down Birth Dates Using several U.S. census records, you can often narrow down the ages of these early ancestors. To do this, it helps to create a list of the ages and possible birth years for each census year in which you can find your ancestor. Census records can help narrow down the birth year of Amos Bronson Alcox/Alcott, for example, to a range between 1795 and 1800. To be honest, you can get that range for him from a single census record (either 1800 or 1810), but having that same range possible in multiple censuses increases your likelihood of being correct. Amos B. Alcox/Alcott 1840, Concord, Middlesex, Massachusettshead of household, age 40-49 (1790-1800) 1820, Wolcott, New Haven, Connecticutone of the 2 males age 16-25 (1795-1804) 1810, Wolcott, New Haven, Connecticut1 male, age 10-15 (1795-1800) 1800, Wolcott, New Haven, Connecticutmale, age 0-4 (1795-1800) His actual date of birth is 29 Nov 1799, which fits right in. Next Digging Up Deaths from Pre-1850 Census Records Analyzing Family Members Birth Dates Digging Up Deaths Clues to death dates may also be found in the early US census records prior to 1850. The 1830 federal census, for example, lists Anna Alcott (mother of Amos) as head of household with Wd. (for widow) after her name. From this, we know that Joseph Alcott died sometime between the 1820 and 1830 census (he actually died in 1829). Using the age bracket method for the wife/spouse for each census year may reveal the death of one wife and marriage to another. This is generally just guesswork, but look for instances when her possible age jumps between one census and the next, or when the age of the wife makes her too young to be the mother of all the children. Sometimes youll find young children who appear to disappear between one census and the next. This could mean they were just living elsewhere at the time of the census, but it could also indicate that they died.